Born in food web ecology, the concept of trophic levels -- the hierarchy of who eats who in the natural world -- is an elegant way to understand how biomass and energy move through a natural system.

Trophic levels Organisms are grouped into categories called trophic levels. Trophic levels describe the various stages within ecological food chains or webs. These levels are usually divided into ...

Human activity has lessened the resilience of modern coral reefs by restricting the food-fueled energy flow that moves ...

Species numbers alone do not fully capture how ecosystems are changing. In a global study, scientists analyzed long-term data from nearly 15,000 marine and freshwater fish communities. They found that ...